Development in Moroccan Economy Essay Example for Free

Development in Moroccan saving EssayEconomic Environment Development of the Moroccan Economy The Moroccan economy is known for its macroeconomic stability. Inflation set ups own always been relatively low, mainly due to the countrys restrictive cash regime. Morocco has been characterised by moderate to high process rates. The country has benefited from its low labour cost and strategic location near the European mainland. Morocco has experienced a stronger reaping than usual since the year 2000, caused by improved weather conditions, a strong export growth and various liberalizing policies. These liberalizing policies have been introduced by King Mohammed VI in 2003. He came up with a number of economic reforms resulting in a growth of the small modern manufacturing sector and the development of the tourism industry. He has grade his main focus on the European Union since the Free Trade Agreement in the year 2000. Moroccos Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic product) ha s steady gone up since 2002. According to statistics of Datamonitor 360 the GDP in 2002 was about 40 billion dollar, in 2010 the GDP had grown to approximately 60 billion dollar. That is a rise of 50% in only eight years time.The World Factbook from the CIA mentions that in 2010 Morocco ranked number 58 in the world when it comes to the GDP. The real GDP growth rate has not been negative since 2002. In 2010 Morocco ranked number 77 in the world of real GDP growth. The lowest growth rate was about 2,5% in 2005 and 2007 and peeked with 7,5% in 2006. This could have possibly been caused by the Free Trade Agreement with the joined States of America, which was introduced in 2006. I get out further exempt the results of the Free Trade Agreement with the EU and the USA later on in this chapter.The three main sectors industry, service and agriculture, all grew steadily the past hug drug years. In 2009 the service sector was the biggest sector and contributed 49,4% to the GDP, the industr y sector came second with 31,3% followed by the agriculture with 19,2%. Morocco has a profitable industry sector, mainly because of its large amounts of phosphate. tourism plays a big role in the service sector. The tourism industry has remained vibrant despite the Casablanca bombings in 2003 and 2007. Moroccos external championship has also been change magnitude steadily, with only a slight decrease in 2009.However, the total external affair still grew from 25,7 billion dollars in 2002 to 77,6 billion dollars in 2009. This is a growth of 51,9 billion dollars, which is a growth percentage of approximately 202%. Even though Moroccos economy has been doing well the past decade, the unemployment rate is still relatively high. During the plosive consonant from 2002 to 2008 the unemployment rate was at least 11%. In 2007 a small decrease of unemployment of 300 thousand took place, still leaving 1,1 million people unemployed. By the end of 2008 the unemployment rate was 9,6%.In 2009 a total of 93,000 new jobs got created resulting in a decrease to 9,1% by the end of 2009. We can conclude that the overall Moroccan economy has shown a fairly good development, but there is still a lot more to improve. The government has been working on new reforms that should ply to better argumentation conditions in the country. International Financial Crisis Morocco together with Algeria and Tunisia has been one of the least affected countries by the international fiscal crisis. The international financial crisis started with the reference crunch in the US.Morocco has not been affected by this so-called credit crunch, because Morocco does not have the kind of credit that caused the American credit crunch. Besides this Morocco had stripped exposure to foreign assets. Morocco did however get affected by the international financial crisis as soon as it hit Europe. The Western European crisis resulted in diminishing growth rates. The crisis in Europe did not only slow down Moroc can export rates, but also the tourism industry. As European unemployment rates increased, many Moroccans working abroad lost their jobs, causing a decline in remittances.Morocco has been able to keep the negative set up of the international financial crisis to a minimum due to its good macroeconomic policy, an open economy, clear trade policies and several investment opportunities with emerging countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Because of the effects the financial crisis has had in Europe and the US, Gulf investors are expected to invest in African countries and the Middle East. At the end of 2008 Gulf investors announced a 1,7 billion US dollar investment in real estate in Morocco.These investments and planned reforms will make sure the Moroccan economy will continue to grow in the future. Effects FTA US and EU Moroccos economy has largely benefited from the free trade agreements it has made with the European Union and the United States. In 1996 Morocco signed an assoc iation agreement with the European Union. The association became effective on March 1, 2000. The free trade agreement with the EU is mainly utilise on industrial products and hardly any agricultural products. The objective is to have completely free trade between Morocco and the EU by 2012.In 2010 the EU proposed a new trade deal with Morocco to include duty-free trade in agricultural, food and fisheries products. On June 15, 2004 Morocco also signed a free trade agreement with the USA, which became effective on January 1, 2006. For America this was the second Arab-US free trade agreement and the first African-US free trade agreement. During a video of the Moroccan American Trade and Investment Council the counsellor to King Mohammed VI for financial and economic affairs says about the FTA with the US We want to put Morocco as a weapons platform for cable with Europe, with the US, with Asia, China, Africa, Middle East.It was part of a global vision of Morocco. Mr. Hassan, the pr esident of the Moroccan Business Association says during the same video The Morocco US free trade agreement is a great opportunity for the Moroccan economy. Due to the free trade agreements many American and European businesses have opened establishments in Morocco. These businesses have employed thousands of Moroccans causing a decline in the unemployment rate of the country. Both free trade agreements have been a huge step in the rightfulness direction for Morocco.The country still has a lot of poverty and unemployment much more is needed to solve the countrys issues. However, the country is one of the close to stable African and Arab nations. Current Economic System Morocco has a relatively liberal market economy regulated by supply and demand. From 1993 onwards there has been a policy of privatization. The heritage foundation, a research and educational institution, has come up with an index of economic liberty. This index makes it possible to measure the economic freedom i n countries around the world.The world average score on the index of 2011 is 59. 7 out of 100 points. Moroccos overall score is 59. 6, only a tenth point under the world average. Morocco is the 93rd country on the 2011 world rank of economic freedom. The regional average of the Middle East and North Africa is 60. 6, which makes Morocco the tenth country on the list of 17 regional countries. The overall score is determined by ten economic freedoms. In figure below the be of all ten separate economic freedoms of Morocco compared to the world average is shown.The most important economic freedom for this specific country report is business freedom. The business freedom represents the procedures for setting up and registering a private enterprise and the possibilities of private investment and production. In figure you can clearly see the Moroccan business freedom compared to the Dutch business freedom. King Mohammed VI has come up with many economic and non-economic reforms over the years. The two largest current reforms are the Plan Moroccan Vert (Green Plan) and the Plan Emergence.

Government Term Paper Essay Example for Free

Government Term Paper EssayThe unite States was founded and created by a group of hoi polloi who wanted to see change and be in control of their future. This res publica has successfully accomplished this goal. Ch completelyenges from ending slavery to giving women the right to vote pose all been accomplished through the American tidy sum implementing and enforcing new laws to be made. Two important issues facing the unify States atomic number 18 Obama sh atomic number 18 and outlaw(prenominal) immigrants using headst unrivalled babies to stay in the pastoral. On the issue of Obama deal, the best policy to follow is to recall Obamacare and create a new bill that is to a greater extent specific, fixing one level at a judgment of conviction. On the issue of anchor babies, the best policy to follow is to amend the characters 14th Amendment to clarify the standards of citizenship.On March 10, 2010 President Obamas new wellness care was signed into law. This new form o f wellness care is called Obamacare or more formally as the persevering Protection and inexpensive Care lay out (PPACA). This bill requires that those who can afford wellness care must maintain the minimal, essential health restitution coverage. This mandate does non apply to citizens who hold certain religious beliefs or bring on financial hardships. Once the bill is fully swear outed, thirty-two million Americans go forth be able to receive some form of health care.The main intention of Obamacare is that affordability and accountability it brings. Obamacare lowers premiums for families making $44,000-66,000 and $55,000-88,000 a year. This new bill has made it easier for more families and people to receive health care. Obamacare also has begun to resolve Medicares prescription donut hole. This has serve uped senior citizens pay for vital prescriptions. The donut hole occurs subsequently the patient has received $2,830 worth of drugs. At this number, Medicare stops payin g for the drugs until the patient has used over $4550 of drugs. Therefore the patient needs to pay for $2,000 before Medicare pays for their prescriptions again. This straighten gives donut hole payments a 50% discount and slowly closes this spending gap. The bill plans for the gap to be fully closed by 2020. The process of termination Medicares donut hole has already begun (Health Reform).The Affordable Care Act has improved community health centers. Within this improvement, there are more innocent preventive care treatments along with 1,250 new care centers for twenty million people (Timeline). These centers co-inside with the bills customer protection plan. This solidifies that no one whitethorn be denied coverage for pre-existing conditions (Health Reform). More people have been treated and helped allowing for a better field of doctors to be used for the necessary and covered treatments that Obamacare has turn ind.A large intention within Obamacare is to correct and maintai n a new policy for business. Small businesses are non required to provide health care. However, if a business has over fifty employees, they are required to make payments that allow for health care benefits if ever needed if they do not have health care insurance (Health Reform). The bill has allowed for over four million small businesses eligible for tax credits so that they may be able to provide health care. Along with tax credit, Obamacare has cracked down on fraud, waste and abuse. This has secured the governments support in this bill. In the future Obamacare plans to reduce paperwork, provide more documentation to electric shaverrens hospitals, and expand bundling payments (Timeline).Due to the numerous projects and reforms within this large bill, estates need more money. This money comes from citizens taxes. People who already have health care are being taxed to help pay for others. One of the leading problems that Americans have approximately Obamacare questions whether or not all Americans have the right to health care. If a person chooses to be homeless and not work, should other citizens have to pay for anothers medical needs?Relating to the previous question, occurrently the ultimate Court is in the process of deciding if the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional. Obamacare, 2010, stated that everyone must have some form of health care. People have begun to question whether this infringes and stretches Congress right to be involved in ones personal life- even if this is an economic matter. Many individuals and twenty-seven states have begun to take exception Congress and whether the medico Clause has the right to expand national power at the expense on individual liberties.In 1824 the imperative Court case, Gibbons v. Ogden, interpret the governments commerce to deal with only state to state/internal commerce affairs (US v Morrison). In 1937 the Supreme Court stretched the Commerce Clause for the government to oversee labor hours and w ages. The government was allowed such power that they could even oversee a persons personal consumption in the Supreme Court case, Wickard v. Filburn, in 1941 (Gaziano).Finally in 1995 the Supreme Court ruled against the government when they wanted to criminalize carrying guns to school. In this case, US v Lopez, the Supreme Court decided that this was not an economic issue and was not covered within the Commerce Clause (Langran). However, the Supreme Court case US v. Morrison became the final breaking point for the government. In 2000 Congress wanted to ban the violence of women. The Supreme Court ruled that if there was any other clarification on the Commerce Clause that there would be a fundamental upset within the balance of powers in the Constitution (Natelson).Throughout Americas bill there have been many attempts to improve health care for Americans. Both Democrats- Roosevelt and Truman- and Republicans-Nixon- have done their share of work to help, however, the most recent and successful help came from the Clintons. Creating a new task force, Hillary Clinton spent large sums of money to keep the public interested and willing to support her. When she ran for president against Obama, her largest campaign issue was health care.Her plan was to require all US residents to have some form of health care and that employers must provide health care. Ultimately her work was not enough and was not as favorable as Obamas idea of lowering the cost of health care rather than requiring it (Health Care). Now Obama has reversed his pip on mandates as he created Obamacare. Obama explained to CBS News, Ive been persuaded that there are enough young, unin indisputabled people who are cheap to cover, but are opting out. To make sure that those folks are part of the overall pool is the best way to make sure that all premiums go down (My Interview).On March 26-28 of 2012, Florida and xxvi other states argued that that the Affordable Care Act was unconstitutional. During t hese two days, the Supreme Court listened to the oral arguments. The Affordable Care Acts largest concept is the availability and affordability for all of America to have health care by 2014. The states questioned the acts credibility of ones individual mandate (Katz). The course of the health care case began with Florida on January 31, 2011 when a district judge challenged the new health care act.Claiming that the individual mandate within the reform was unconstitutional called for the whole Affordable Care Act to be nullified. Through the process of appeals, the court decided that the act did infringe on Americans rights however, the whole bill did not need to be recalled. From this, the federal court took this issue to the Supreme Court (Claeys). All though the oral arguments are complete, the Supreme Courts finish is not expected unit June of 2012 (Katz).Advocates of the mandate argue that the mandate would force all Americans to share the cost of health care (Health Care). The mandate forces all people to pay so there would be no issue of people paying for others. People would be supporting themselves by paying for their own health care. Supporters of mandatory health care justify their position with the fact that those who dont think they will need it eventually will. It is better to be unattackable and have health care if and when you need it.Living in America, a citizen has personal freedoms and with that comes responsibility and maturity. Providing oneself with health care, according to advocates, is a responsibility that must be met in put up for citizens to continue to have the freedoms that they do. There are thousands of people who fluent need health care, Obamacare makes it more affordable therefore, people will be more willing to get a proper form of health care. Americans will be interested in their benefits which makes them more aware of the issues surrounding health care (Should Illegal Aliens).In 2011 there have been numerous court cases trying to decide if the Affordable Care Act is Constitutional. These cases, such as doubting Thomas Moore law Center v. Barack Obama US President (Patient) are defined as a writ of certiorari law. According to the legal definition, writ of certiorari is an entrap a higher court issues to order to review the decision and proceedings in a lower court to determine whether there were any irregularities (Definitions). This order given by the Supreme Court so that they may receive a transmit of the records of the cases heard about this issue.According to the information, may it be presented that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act-Obamacare- be recalled. The ideas that the bill presents are effective and appropriate however, this bill came too soon. Americas current health care system needs other changes before Obamacare may be used. Americans need to obtain health care on their own before it is mandatory. A manageable bill to begin the new process may be to focus making Med icare more affordable and efficient. In 2011, the federal government spent about $477 million in net Medicare (Fixing Medicare). The spending rate needs to match up with the number of patients and their medical needs rather than taxing citizens to get quick, un-favored results.A large part of why America has been so successful is because American citizens respect and have pride for the join States of America. The regions nationalism has brought upon overmuch success including ending slavery, the Wright brothers first airplane, defeating Germany in World War I, and Neil Armstrong being the first man on the moon. Starting in the late 1700s, America became cognize as the melting pot. Our multiculturalism makes America successful because all people want to be a part of making the United States better.Over time more and more people have go to the United States. People wanted to be considered Americans and be official citizens. In the 1990s alone the US population has increased by t wenty-five million people. Within the last one hundred years 197 million people have moved to the United States (Riche). These new people came to America because their give-up the ghosts would be different. New immigrants changed their names, learned English, and wanted to be a part of America.Rather than sticking to their old cultures and lifestyles, immigrants adapted to the American lifestyle. The number of immigrants grew so quickly that the United States had to limit the number of people per country to enter into the United States. The government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 to limit the number of Chinese immigrants entering the country. This act limited immigration in America to 170,000 Chinese people (National Archives).In June of 1866, the 14th Amendment was ratified into the United States Constitution. The 14th Amendment states that all persons innate(p) or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United St ates and where they reside (Rojas). This amendment was added to the Constitution to support and protect the freed African American population after the Civil War ended in 1865 (The Debate). This first part of the 14th Amendment is known as the Citizenship Clause. The second part of the 14th Amendment is the Equal Protection Clause which states that no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law nor deny to any person their jurisdiction of equal protection of the laws ( US History).In 1898 the Supreme Court case, US v. Wong Kim Ark, questioned whether the United States could deny naturalization to anyone born in the United States under the 14th Amendment. Born in San Francisco, Ark getd with his parents in California. At age twenty-one Ark traveled to China to visit his parents where his parents moved after living in the US for twenty years.Upon his return to the United States, Ark was denied entry. According to the Chinese Exclusion Act, no people of the Chinese race shall be permitted into the country. However, if Ark is considered to be US citizen this act does not apply to him. The Supreme Court concluded that the government could not deny citizenship to a person born in the United States. This case upheld the 14th Amendment (Rojas). Today this case has been upheld and been the foundation of how the Citizenship Clause is applied to United States citizens.Today the number of people moving to America still increases. However, there are another group of immigrants moving to America. In 2000, LIFE Act Amnesty estimated 900,000 vicious immigrants came into the United States. It is determined to be twelve to twenty million illegal immigrants residing in the United States today (Gheen).The rising issue in illegal immigration is the regularity of anchor babies. This term, anchor baby is categorize as an illegal/non-citizen who came to the United States and gave birth to their child. Because their child is a US citizen according to the 14th Amendment, these families are able to convince the courts to let them stay and live in America (The Debate). This idea gives illegal immigrants an easy way to beat the system and live in America. Due to the large number of anchor babies born in America it is clear that their parents do not wish to become US citizens.Illegal immigrant families are able to get food stamps and Medicaid through the countrys tax dollars. Along with health care illegal immigrants are getting help putting their children through school. This changes the dynamics and level of public schools as they have to accommodate to these children. This issue has increased so quickly that organizations like FAIR, Federation for American immigration Reform, has made more attempts to eliminate this problem. FAIR estimated that 425,000 illegal babies are born in the United States per year (McNeil). Other organizations have come together to push for this issue to be resolved.The state of Arizona has i nterpreted the imitative to end anchor baby citizenship. This bill, SB 1070, was written in June of 2010. Arizonas bill makes attrition through the enforcement of public policy of all agencies (Senate Bill). This bill sets up the country for success by cracking down on an individuals immigration status. If their paperwork is illegitimate, then they will be interpreted to the custody of US immigration and customs and enforcement. Arizona alone is estimated to have over 300,000 illegal immigrants.Supporters to stop anchor baby citizenship state that maternity touristry is only the beginning of the possibilities of the novelties to come surrounding illegal immigrants. If the United States wants to continue to have the power and the proper influence among the citizens, then they must stop this illegal, increase birth rate. Eventually all of these children will grow up and be the anchor needed for the family to permanently stay in the country (Beck).Currently a US citizen may not sponso r a family member with a common land care unless they are over twenty-one years of age (Kolken). In twenty years there will be an even larger issue with illegal immigration once all of these babies are an adult. Supporters confidently state that having their child in America was their poor decision and does not exempt them the from the law and the US immigration laws. Their bad choice will impact their children, they are illegal citizens and because their children are minors they have no choice but to follow their parents as they are deported (Should Illegal Aliens).On the other side, those against interfering with the immigration question if there is no harm to Americas National Guard then why interfere? Because the child is a US citizen, the parents are then forced to make the difficult decision of whether or not to separate their family until their papers are approved. This then increases the single parent, non-traditional family for many children (Should Illegal Aliens). Those against settlement the anchor baby problem see no real solution because the children are protected under the 14th Amendment and have the right to live in America. Rather than solving the problem, it is suggested that a bill would simply encourage more people to not renew or even get a green card because of the high chance of deportation (Beck).Children who are born in the Unites States should not be guaranteed citizenship if their parents are not legal citizens. The United States is one of 11 other countries who even have jus soli as an option. The legal phrasing of jus soli directly translates to the right of the land (McNeil). Many of these countries, not including the United States, has citizenship as an option. In 1980, Britain changed their Nationality Act to be a preference rather than a mandate for babies born in the country (The Debate). Germany changed their Nationality Act as well in 2000. A child shall be a German citizen only it at least one parent has a permanent resi dence in Germany or lives in Germany for at least eight years (Nationality Act).The United States must amend the 14th Amendment and clarify the true meaning and value of a child born in America. In the 14th Amendment clearly defines the standards needed to be a US citizen then many of the nations current problems would be handled. Illegal parents whose children are keeping them here would be deported. There will be less problems with Medicaid and the countrys tax dollars will not be going to those who live here illegally and receive food stamps and putting their children through the public school system. All immigrants living in the United States will want to be here and will be able to receive the correct form of becoming a citizen. Amending the 14th Amendment will restore Americas patriotism and success.America has proven to be the strongest country in the world. In order for the United States to maintain their strong position, the government must take care of the countrys issues first. The countrys health care must not be fixed by Obamacare. A new bill must be enacted that slowly and correctly fixes the foundational issues of the system before requiring all people to have health care. If thirty-two million were to be on Americas current health care, the system would jam and eventually shut down. Along with fixing health care, the anchor baby citizenship issues must be handled. Ronald Reagan explained the problem perfectly, a country that cannot control its borders isnt a country (Buchannan). Therefore the 14th Amendment must be clarified and steps must be taken to contain illegal immigration in order for the United States to see a successful future.Works CitedBeck, Roy. Anchor Babies No More Citizenship. Bloomberg Business week. 2009. Web. 28 Apr. 2012. .Buchannan, Pat . Whose awkward is This?. World Net Weekly. N.p., 2010. Web. 29 Apr 2012. .Claeys, Eric. Obamacare and the Limits of Judicial Conservatism. National Affairs. National Affairs, Summ. Web. 27 Apr 2012. .The Debate Over Anchor Babies And Citizenship. National Public Radio. 18 Apr. 2010. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. .Definitions judicial writ of Certiorari Law Legal Definition. Uslegal.com. US Legal, Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Apr 2012. .Fixing Medicare. New York Time. N.p., 20 Nov 011. Web. 28 Apr 2012. .Gaziano, Todd, and Elizabeth Garvey. Commerce Clause Expansion of National Power at Expense of Individual Liberty. American Government. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. Gheen, W.. History of Illegal Immigration in the U.S.. End illegal immigration. Americans for .Legal Immigration, 2012. Web. 29 Apr 2012.Health Care Mandates. Issues Controversies On stick n. pag. Issues Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 16 Oct. 2009. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. .Health Reform Puts American Families and Small Business Owners in Control of Their Own Health Care. The exsanguine House. Web. 27 Apr. 2012. .Katz, Daniel. Supreme Court Considers Health Care Reform Overview. American .Government. ABC-CLIO , 2012. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. Klein, Ezra. Who Obamacare Got to the Supreme Court. Washington Post. 2012. Web. 27 Apr. 2012. .Kolken Kolken Immigration Lawyers. Immigration Lawyers, US Immigration News and Law Updates. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. .Langran, Robert. Commerce Clause Recent Interpretations Diminish State Sovereignty. .American Government. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.McNeil, Brian. Goode Takes on anchor Baby Issue. Daily Progress. 5 Sept. 2008. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. .My Interview with President Obama. CBS News. N.p., 27 July 2009. Web. 29 Apr 2012. .Natelson, Robert G. Commerce Clause The Misinterpretation of the Commerce Clause. American Government. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. National Archives, . Chinese Exclusion Act (1882). Our documents. United States Archives, 1989. Web. 29 Apr 2012.

Extracting DNA From Living Samples

Extracting deoxyribonucleic acid From Living SamplesK aren StevensonIntroductionCollecting desoxyribonucleic acid prototypes from animals is often difficult and stressful for the animal, so non- invading methods of order of battle are removeed. Extracting deoxyribonucleic acid from animals usu whollyy involves one of three methods Destructive sampling involves the organism having to be killed to get the tissues needed for contagious psychoanalysis.Non-destructive or invasive methods require a tissue biopsy or derivation ensample. These are the most ethically acceptable and humane ways to extract desoxyribonucleic acid from living organisms as they do not destroy the animal or its habitat and often any DNA from joins, hair, skin, droppings, etc. can be used, although DNA samples do dishonour over time which will subsequently decrease the accuracy of test results.Freeland (2005) discusses a number of processes for DNA preservation including the method we used in the fall a part experiment which is described in this report. High quality DNA orients up in bright contrasting bands on the electrophoresis jelly still suffering quality DNA displays a blurred or smudged look. Gender will show up as either one or cardinal offprint bands. Unlike in mammals where the heterogametic male (XY) will show up as two bands and the homogametic female (XX) will show up on the gelatin as one band, with birds, this is the opposite and the male is the homogametic and his ZZ genotype shows up as one distinct band while the heterogametic female ZW genotype shows up as two distinct bands on the gel.It is very difficult to determine the gender of very young chicks because there are no visible dimorphisms yet and poultry producers need to determine the sexes well before the animals begin to mature. Modern molecular genetic methods mean we can profile for private genomes from very small amounts of DNA, whereas historically much(prenominal) larger samples were needed to get accurate results.In this experiment we followed surgical processs outlined by Hogan, Loke Sherman (2012) in our Prac manual to extract DNA from three tissue types of a domestic chicken to determine the sex of the sample and also to compare the quality and amount of DNA from the three samples.Materials and Methods wander Samples.Feathers, muscle tissue and blood samples were supplied by the technicians in the lab. The tissues were interpreted from a domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus.DNA Extraction from Blood, Feather and brawniness SamplesWe extracted our Our DNA with the Quiagen DNA elaboration kit DNeasy Blood Tissue Kit (2012). PCR is a faster and more sensitive method of amplifying DNA than cloning, and it produces similar results. We used bird sexing primers to build up the gender-specific loci CHD1W and CHD1Z, which allowed us to determine the gender of the chicken from a method developed by Fridolfsson and Ellegren (1999) using universal avian sexing primers 2 250F and 2718R. The layer results were collected and graphed so that our individual results could be compared. Negative cut back, male and female controls were used to conclude whether our hypothesis that Blood and tissue samples would yield a better quality of DNA than feather even though these methods are more invasive than extracting DNA from the blood spot in a feather shaft.In this experiment we extracted DNA from a blood clot in the feather as in the Horvath, Martinez-Cruz, Negro and Goday (2005) physical process, which showed that this was more successful than using material from the tip and this blood clot sample took longer to deteriorate than the tip sample.We did not know how old the feathers were, nor the age of the bird. DNA inception procedures work by lysing cells, which causes the cell membrane to break clean-handed from the cell. Proteinase K can be added to detach the proteins and RNA can be take with the RNAse. The DNA is then precipitated out using ferment ation alcohol and bring forward improved using PCR methods and visualized using the electrophoresis procedure.The Section containing the blood spot was cut out using a sharp pair of scissors hold and cut into tiny pieces and added to 180L of Buffer ATL before digestion with Proteinase K (180L pipetted into a sterile 1.5 mL microfuge tube) was then incubated at 56C for 30 minutes (briefly mixed in the vortex every 10 minutes), after which the cells had been lysed. To precipitate the DNA we added 200L of 95% ethanol (AR grade) and mixed in the vortex for a further 15 seconds. The lysed DNA was then pipetted into the DNeasy Mini spin column and centrifuged at 8000 rpm (6000 x g) for 1 minute, binding the DNA to the membrane in the spin column, ready for washing. The spin column was placed in a new microfuge collection tube in which 500L Buffer AW1 was pipetted, centrifuged for 1 minute at 6000 x g (8000rpm) and the flow-through was discarded. Again the DNeasy spin column was placed i nto a new collection tube, 500L of Buffer AW2 added and centrifuged for 3 minutes at maximum speed (13 14,000 rpm), removed from the flow-through (which was discarded in hazardous waste receptacle), placed bear into the collection tube and centrifuged again at maximum speed for a further minute to remove any ethanol. The spin column was then removed from the tube (which was discarded). After placing the spin column into a clean 1.5mL collection tube it was labelled appropriately and 100L of Buffer AE was pipetted straight onto the concentrate of the DNeasy membrane and incubated at room temperature for 1 minute, centrifuged for 1 minute at 6000 x g (8000 rpm) to elute it. The DNA was now pelleted in the bottom of the tube, so the spin column was discarded and the pellet stored in its tube in a cold box at -20C.Electrophoresis MethodDuring electrophoresis, the negatively charged DNA fragments travelled towards the positive cathode causing the smaller protein fragments to move qui cker than larger particles. The DNA was visualized as bright bands on the gel, which had been stained with GelRed which is a chemical used to increase mutation rates, multiplies the product and is assumed to be carcinogenic.The agar gel and TAE buffer had been prepared earlier in the microwave and allowing the gel to cool to 50C. GelRed was carefully added to 150mL of gel for a final concentration of 0.5L mL-1.The casting tray was carefully put into the gel tank with the black boundary line gates at both ends. The weed out was inserted after the gel had been poured into the tray inserted, then left for 30 minutes at room temperature to set.10L of the DNA chicken feather sample we extracted previously was mixed with the 6x encumbrance dye into a fresh microfuge tube. habiliment rubber gloves, we removed the black casting plates and the comb and then added the TAE buffer until the entire gel was submerged by 5mm. The first and last wells had molecular weight markers HindIIIand 2-l og ladder added and our DNA samples were pipetted into an empty well, noting the position. We employ the cover and connected to the power unit and ran it for 60 minutes at 120V. The DNA proceeded to float from the negative cathode (black cable) to the positive anode (red cable). When finished, we removed the gel tray and transferred it on a plastic container to the Gel Doc System for visualizing the images.PCR methodWe used the Polymerase Chain Reaction method to expand the DNA so that it could be viewed using electrophoresis. The PCR procedure involved cycles of heating then cooling the DNA which enabled the helix to unwind and bind.We prepared the Mastermix negative and positive controls using 40L of the PCR Mastermix and 10L of the DNA sample mixed into a 0.2mL PCR tube. Each group had individually calculated amounts using the chart in the Prac manual. We prepared tubes for male control, female control and one negative control (these were provided by the lab). We then placed the tubes into a thermo-cycler and initiated the program which had been perfected to augment the CHD1W and CHD1Z genes using the primers.When this was done, the DNA was then put on a 1% agar gel comb (that had been microwaved and cooled to 50C) in a 1 x SB buffer solution for 20 minutes. Wearing gloves, we added 15L of 3 x GelRed solution to 150mL of agar gel. We prepared the DNA samples by mixing 10L of PCR with 2L of 6x loading dye, pipetted it into the gel combined with 5L of a 100bp molecular weight marker. The sample was pipetted into an empty well in the gel, location documented and after ending and securing the lid, the electrophoresis unit was run at 300V for 20 minutes. When the gel had finished running the power was turned off, gel removed carefully and put into a plastic container and transported to the Gel Doc unit. The bands were then visualised using the Gel Doc System.ResultsThe class groups successfully extracted DNA from all three types of tissue. Due to false or abs ent labelling of DNA samples, we were unable to use some of the gel images in our report. Figure 1 shows the Gel electrophoresis from a co-operative class Muscle and Blood DNA extraction using Qiagen 2012, DNeasy Blood Tissue Kit, with blood showing up in more distinctive bands, muscle failing to show clear bands and feather samples extracted (on a separate gel image) displayed poorly using electrophoresis. Hogan, Loke Sherman (2012) explain how the DNA concentrations are measured by comparing the brightness of the sample to the 2log Molecular Weight Marker over the amount of DNA pipetted into the well.Figure 1 Blood muscle DNA extraction using (Qiagen 2012, DNeasy Blood Tissue Kit)Figure 2 Feather DNA extraction using (Qiagen 2012, DNeasy Blood Tissue Kit)After extraction and visualization using electrophoresis, our samples were diluted give similar concentrations. If the band was too faint or not even visible we left it undiluted provided most of muscle and blood samples wer e dilute. Figure 2 shows the Gel electrophoresis from our feather DNA extraction sample with no discernible results. This was expected.Table 1 Mean nucleic acid concentrations muscle, blood and feather DNA extraction using nanodrop techniqueFrom table 1, results show us the average DNA concentration of the three tissue types and reveals that compared to feather, muscle samples provided the best quality of extracted DNA, followed well-nigh by the blood samples. Our test yielded 5 muscle samples, 6 feather samples and 8 blood samples as well as the 2 unspecified class samples. Because 1 feather sample and 1 blood sample failed to clearly show any visible DNA (see figures 1 2), they influence the averages. In the expect of this, however, the resulting average sample DNA concentrations reveal that muscle still produced the tallest class of extracted DNA in comparison to the blood samples. The feather sample still showed the poorest DNA quality, which related with our expected outcom es.LadderMale controlFemale controlNegative controlJacks sample DNASample DNAKaren Feather DNA SampleNegative controlFemale controlMale controlLadderFigure 3 shows the Gel electrophoresis from our feather DNA extraction sample with the male, female and negative controls. DNA had been amplified from the extraction and visualized using electrophoresis to determine the sex of the bird that our sample was taken from. Results successfully indicate that sexes were able to be determined. Our PCR result matched the expected result and we determined our sample to be ZW female and Jacks sample to be ZZ male.This experiment matched the Fridolfsson and Ellegren (1999) procedure except that we used a 1% agar gel to visualize the DNA fragments via electrophoresis and Fridolfsson and Ellegren used a 3% gel as well as our use of a commercial kit (Quiagen 2012).DiscussionThe quality of DNA extracted varied surrounded by our different tissue samples although all we were able to amplify all of them u sing the non-invasive technique PCR. Extracting DNA from a blood clot of a feather is an option when alternative methods (blood or muscle) are not suitable. The destructive muscle samples provided a better class and measure of DNA in comparison to the feather samples, however destructive methods of DNA extraction necessitate the slaughter of the organism and is not typically ethically acceptable particularly when endangered species are involved. Invasive blood sampling provided a high quality of DNA in terms of results and should be used in preference to destructive methods if non-invasive methods are not possible. The disadvantage of blood sampling is that if the procedure is done in the sphere of influence, it necessitates the capture of the organism to extract the blood sample as well as the memory board while out in the national as DNA deteriorates over time. Although DNA from feather samples gives a lower quality than the other two methods discussed, they are usually easier to obtain in the field because capture, plucking and release are far less invasive that taking blood or killing the animal for muscle tissue (Mundy et al. 1997) and usually can be collected from nests or off the ground without having to involve capturing the animal at all.This experiment was conducted over a number of weeks. DNA deteriorates over time and storage is therefore very important. Freeland (2005) discusses the immenseness of preserving DNA to circumvent DNA molecules from re-arranging and so affect the results when amplified by the PCR technique. We froze the DNA at -20C to preserve the samples in between both practical sessions. While performing the practical sessions, our DNA was generally kept at room temperature which could possibly have caused some deterioration but this is not very likely to cause large variations of DNA quality as all our samples were exposed to the same conditions. Cold-boxes were used to store the DNA samples but all products including the DNA w ere kept at room temperature for the duration of both practicals and this could easily have been avoided by asking the students to me mindful of the importance of preserving the DNA in order to get better quality DNA for extraction.ReferencesFreeland, J (2005).Molecular Ecology. Wiley. Chichester.Fridolfsson, A and Ellegren, H. (1999). A simple and universal method for molecular sexing of non-ratite birds. Journal of Avian Biology. 30, 116 121.Hogan, F., Loke, S., and Sherman, C. (2012)SLE254 Genetics Practical Manual 2012 Sex Determination of the Domestic Chicken (Gallus Gallus).Deakin University. Burwood. 1-46.Horvath, M. Martinez-Cruz, B. Negro, J. Kalmar, L and Goday, J. (2005). An overlooked DNA source for non-invasive genetic analysis in birds. Journal of Avian Biology. 36, 84-88.Mundy, N. Unitt, P., and Woodruff, D. (1997). Skin from feet of museum specimens as a non-destructive source of DNA for avian genotyping. Auk 114, 126-129.Qiagen. (2012).Sample Assay Technologies DN easy Blood Tissue Kit.Retrieved September, 11th2012Taberlet, P. Waits, L. and Luikart, G. (1999). Noninvasive genetic sampling look before you leap. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 14, 323 327.

Production of PR-protein 1 in Mangroves Leaves | Experiment

Production of PR-protein 1 in Mangroves Leaves Experiment1. AbstractOne eventful trait of a plant is its baron to year natural barriers that keep harmful microorganisms away. For instance, mangrove leaves may produce a horm peerless called salicylic venomous to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens. Such a hormone may contract an antimicrobial substance known as Patho componentsis Related (PR) proteins. A lot of Pathogenesis related protein questiones have been done with tobacco and tomatoes leaves. In this study, the aim of the experiment is to determine whether mangroves leaves induce the PR-protein 1. The mangrove leaves atomic number 18 treated with salicylic demigod and are left for 7 days in order for leaves to induce proteins. The leaves extraction procedure is carried out by the reference procedure Verlag Paul Parey (1980) and Thierry Niderman (1995). The PR-protein 1 in the leaf extraction solution can be set by using the SDS-PAGE technique, which the SDS detergen t is sticking to the protein during denaturing of the protein and electrophoresis gel can separate the different PR protein family establish on their molecular size. The molecular exercising weight of protein bands can be categorized by using reference protein and the molecular weight of PR-protein is known as 14-17 kilo daltons.AcknowledgementInitially the gratitude I would homogeneous to ex extend to my supervisor and fore nigh, Mark Duxbury is of highest praise for his accomplishments in tendinging me to succeed in our field of study. Through-out my research project there has been a lot of charm that i have strived to excel into a project worthy of my subject teachings, the questions that I have asked of him, he has never neglected to reply to in peachy time.Collectively with all the staff in the AUT laboratory, I would like to thank for providing all the equipment and chemical supplies and gear that have been practiced through-out the year in my research project.2. Introd uctionThere are approximately 70 different types of mangrove species in the world. Some countries have a variety of mangrove species, however newborn Zealand has only one species which is called Avicennia marina or Mana, it belongs to the Verbenaceae family that is a cosmopolitan species which is widely distri barelyed along tropical and subtropical coastlines. Mangroves have been growing in sensitive Zealand for more than 19 million years. Most mangroves tend to grow in hot climates, which influences the diversity and size of growth in the tropics. Therefore, mangroves do not tend to survive in colder climates, and this is why all the mangroves in New Zealand are likely to grow in Northland because it is warmer there. They grow larger in warmer temperatures,so the optimum growth of mangroves in New Zealand is experienced within 60 centimetres of the tide line, and flourish mostly around placid waters with shelving along the shoreline, in and around harbours and estuaries. Otherw ise alternative conditions, harsh and rough water waves, can dislodge their roots as well as upset the silt that settles, which they take up to grow. They can tolerate salt water even if submerged collarly. This tolerance is not permanent, they need to be uncovered for half of either tide.2-1. Importance of mangrovesIt is important to know about mangroves in New Zealand, what their role is in erosion manage and what they underpin. Mangroves have wide a diversity in their roles of food webs and the support they have for animals and plants in their environment. There are four different reasons why the mangroves are important in New Zealand.Productivity of mangrovesThe productivity of Mangroves is measurable with unaired abridgment of their reproductive parts, twigs and leaves, this measurement determines the organic matter of the plant, its energy and its ability to contribute environment.Food sourceThe dissemination of fresh organic matter is localised, the most important attr ibute of mangroves in New Zealand, is the dependence the environment has on them. They supports the greater habitat around the nearby harbours and estuaries. Reference to this change is called the food web, when the distribution feeds a depart of animals like crabs that digest nutrients from mangrove and return these nutrients into the food web.Support for new(prenominal) plantsDifferent varieties grow in different environments, in tropical environments, this supports impoverished density growth on sandy shores and seagrass beds in between trees, and can form new beds with the upper edges of these mangroves from the edge of the forests. It is clear that these enviroments do not support the same growth as in New Zealand.Support for animalsMangrove beds are located in harsh conditions so the range of dependency on this plant life is limited, reasons being decomposition of sediment, assembly O starvation, muddy flats and tidal exposure. The variety of animals that feed off mangro ves are somewhat minor(ip) but they include worms, mud crabs, shellfish, mud snails and whelks although terrestrial animals (spiders and insects) are alike at home around mangroves. The range of inhabitants also varies with the location and nature of the sediment.2-2 exoneration mechanisms of plantExplanation of the first and second defence mechanisms of plant result follow, in the first defence mechanism the invasion of pathogens is protected by a physical barrier, in the plants shooted cell wall, and is composed of cellulose, pectin and lignin etc. The second defence mechanism is different by the use of the plants chemical defence, by alkaloids, saponins and phenols. This process is a constitutive expression of the plants secondary metabolite. The reaction of the defence mechanism involves turning a cascade of genes to produce a plant-pathogen interaction. Production of reactive oxygen species, through cell wall defence and through other host proteins such as PR (pathogenes is-related).3. Literature reviewMany of the PR proteins are diverse in their families, so that they are found in a lot of types of plants such as, 33 in Tobacco, 20 in sugar beets also in spinach. Classification of PR proteins that induce pathological and related states (Van Loon 1985), are a classification of family, through relationships of cellular form, amino acid sequences and biological activity, further families are identified as tobacco and tomatoes with classifying PR proteins. Sequence Homology is the term for the families of PR proteins, but are not defined only by this but also by migration, the specific reaction with antisera, biological activity also determines PR and resistance to interactions. Characters of cDNAs that reveal PR genes are assemblen in the opinionated resistance in plants against pathogens, and incompatible hosts house bacteria, fungi and viruses, elicitors of PR genes derive molecules from pathogens. These proteins are found in different plant type s, although healthy plants suffocate the characteristics of PR, multi gene families have the most PR proteins and are proven to inhibit the growth of fungi. Interestingly the use of large groups of PR genes can be characterised and used to nutrify healthier responses to biotic and abiotic stress, to the betterment of transduction mechanisms and the measure of stress signals to return greater defence for enhanced engineering of crop plants. Necrotic lesions in plants, can be a result of the resistance produced by the PR.3-1. Variation of infectiousPR has been identified in the infected tissue of unhealthy plants, as well as in healthy plants, e.g Tomato plants are known to display seven PR&aposs when they are in good health. Varieties of the plants also support PR proteins, in fact PR proteins are usually only present after stress, unlike flowers, pollens, stigma and seeds. Associated stress induced by pathogens is the dominant group PR-1 and is used as a signal for SAR. The researc h that has produced our current knowledge of PR-1 was undertaken in 1970, limited antifungal activity suggests it is a defence mechanism but the action it takes, and the relationship with other proteins is a new subject.4. Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteinsPR proteins induced in a pathological environment allow the role of the proteins defence in the plant, that is the result of a reaction to infection to produce the PR. Antimicrobial proteins attack molecules in the cell wall that are bacterial or fungal. Host plants see the interaction of pathogens that are labelled as hypersensitive reactions, that are the proteins produced in the event of a pathogen attack there are 17 types discovered (Van Loon,2001)4-1. PR-1 protein family.PR protein typically has 160 amino acids in length, although it is not clearly studied in biochemical properties, the most abundant group in the PR-protein family is PR-1 because of its high sensitivity to infection, it induces a very high level, between 1 and 2 percent of the protein in the leaf. There is a molecular marker of the expression of PR-1 that indicates the plants defence response, this bad-tempered protein is most studied in tobacco.Picture 1. Families of PR proteinsThe picture 1 showed different types of the PR-protein family and different PR-families that have different molecular sizes. The first family is the PR protein 1 and it has a molecular size of 15 to 17 kDa. The biochemical properties of the PR-1 family is not clearly established, so those stated are unknown. However, it is known that the PR-1 family is the most abundant group of proteins, which induce very high levels of PR Protein when infected (approximately 1 to 2 % of the total leaf protein). They are typically 160 amino acids in length and exist as an acid or base dependent on their functional grouping (Punja, Z. 2004).4-2. Acidic Pathogenesis Related -1 ProteinsTomatoes, barley, maize, parsley, as well as other plants of the Graminae, Solanaceae, Chen opodiaceae and Amaranthiceae families have detected acidic pathogenesis related -1 proteins. The high resistance to proteolysis is adapted to the extracellular environment, and the protein in the plant is soluble in acidic buffers with low molecular weights. The protein P14 isoforms have been found in barley, and tomatoes which have a similar protein to tobacco, that respond to different polyclonal antibodies, unlike acidic PR-1 genes that do not target vacuolar peptide sequences form PR-1 has 138 amino acids that synthesize a higher molecular weight that contains N-terminal amino acids that produce K15da mature protein.4-3. Basic Pathogenesis Related -1 ProteinsBasic Pathogenesis Related -1 protein contains 30 amino acids in the hydrophobic N-terminal region of 30 amino acids, this is a signal peptide that is the translocation of endoplasmic reticulum the C-terminal peptide also contains the vacuolar targeting signals, for example in tobacco leaf PR-1 proteins are localised in ext racellular space responding to TMV infection. The 17KDA are two basic isoforms, and PR-1 has an isoelectric point of 10.5 and 11.0, the exception between the similarities of PR-1 basic and PR-1 acidic is one amino acid sequence and are identified in maize, celery and other cereals.5. Salicylic acidThe benzoic acid derivative is Salicylic acid (SA), an important phytohormone is involved in the regulation of the plants defense mechanism. The important role that Salicylic acid fills in plant defence for the protection from pathogen attack, recently was proven to be necessary for SAR. Salicylic acid has a role that is observed in the plants defence mechanism was similar to the medication of aspirin in observation, the acid induced resistance to the mosaic virus in tobacco. The accumulation of PR proteins increased in resistance, and assumed as markers of the defence response. Biosynthesis has elucidated in the pathway of salicylic acid and has synthesized from benzoic acid into cinnamic acid, and this reaction catalyzes a function of cytochrome P450 monoxygenase. Salicylic acid is an essential compound in the signal pathways accompanied by an induced excess of acidic pathogens- related protein genes. The production of pathogenesis-related proteins is the role Salicylic acid holds in the resistance to pathogens.6. SDS PAGE(Sodium dodecyl sulfate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis).SDS is anionic detergent consisting of 12 carbon tail attached to sulphate group, which has a negative deputation. It also disrupts the non-covalent attach particularly protein and denatures the molecule. The protein can be denatured at certain temperature and lose their shape. At that stage, SDS can stick to the denatured protein due to similar shape and charge ratio as protein. PAGE separates the macromolecule based on their electrophoresis mobility. Smaller polypeptides get going faster and quickly through pores, while large polypeptides travel slower. The polypeptides have simil ar charge to mass ratio which is dependent only on molecular weight.Factors in Business exchange Budgeting With ExamplesFactors in Business capital Budgeting With ExamplesContents (Jump to)Task One (p3d) XYZ Traders interchange BudgetTask Two (p3abc) Alpha Manufacturing BudgetsTask Three (p4abc) Beales Manufacturing VariancesTask Four (p2ab) Beales Manufacturing Standard CostBibliographyXYZ Traders Cash BudgetIntroductionIn this report bug out A presents a cash cipher for XYZ Traders for the six month period from December 2008 to May 2009. Part B comments on the cash flow forecast and outlines the benefits of reformd cash flow for the Company and recommends management consider a cash flow rise weapons platform.Part A Cash Flow Budget December 2008 May 2009Table 1Table 1 shows the cash flow reckon based on the spare-time activity criteriaCash balance as at 1 December 2008 totals 2,600Furniture units sold at 100 eachFurniture units purchased for 60 eachCustomer colle ctions on the basis of 50% in month of sale and the balance the following monthPurchases paid for in the month following cantyFixed expenses are 4,000 per monthLoan repayment of 10,000 due in April 2009Stock units carried over from October into November 2008 unknownPart B Budget Cash Flow CommentaryThe cash flow cipher/forecast for the next six monthsis cash positive for each of the six months under review go away generate sufficient cash for the 10,000 loan repayment on schedule in April 2009will allow supplier payment on time one month after receipt of goodshas a lowest cash balance of 1,200 at the end of April following the loan repayment in the same month testimony Cash Flow Improvement ProgramThe cash flow cipher indicates that XYZ can continue trading for the next six months without recourse to excess funding. However improving cash-flow can have a number of benefits includingreducing the equity required to finance the fearreducing loans and interest payments required fo r working capitalreleasing funds for expansion and/or new business activitiesproviding funds for profit distribution to the owners/shareholdersWe recommend management plan and implement a coordinated program to improve cash-flow. Specific areas for consideration areminimise inventory by introducing a just-in-time (JIT) arrangement where suppliers orders are placed at the time of customer purchase for receipt a day or two before delivery to the customereliminate inventory (except for show-room stock) by arranging for suppliers to deliver direct to customers under XYZ Traders instructions and identitynegotiate extended payment terms with the suppliers, say, three months creditencourage customers to pay the full purchase determine on order placementoffer sales on credit with a reputable finance companyincrease sales playscripts with well designed and executed advertising and customer incentive programsreduce overheads and expenses with a toll-reduction programAlfa Manufacturing Bu dget ReportIntroductionThis report recommends Alfa Manufacturing introduce a budgetary control system. Section A outlines the purpose and benefits of budgets and Section B describes two possible budget formats, incremental and zero based budgeting and examines the advantages and disadvantages of each method.Section A Budgets, Purposes and BenefitsThe uncomplicated purpose for introducing a budgeting system is to supply the Company with a powerful tool for planning and monitoring business implementation. It improves productive effectiveness and enhances coordination between the miscellaneous arms of management to achieve the overall Company aims. Budgets represent the primary means of communicating agreed-upon objectives throughout the organization.A budget is a formal pen statement of the Companies plans for a specified time period. The principle element of a budget is to plan and predict future income and expenditure against a time-scale, usually on a monthly basis covering a calendar or accounting year. Actual income and expenditure is recorded as it occurs and monitored on a stock basis against the plan or budget. The differences between planned and real(a) results are monitored, reported and the variances analysed and explained.In summary, the benefits of a budget are thatManagement must develop a comprehensive plan for the future.Key objectives are agreed for monitoring and performance evaluation.Potential problems are identified well in advance.Coordination of activities within the business is facilitated.Management is more aware of the Companies overall operations.Each level of management participates in the planning, preparation and monitoring of financial activity.The budget must have the complete support of top management and is an important tool for measuring and evaluating managerial performance. Contemporary budgeting has been defined as a system wherein managers are provided with the flexibility to engage resources as required, in return for their commitment to achieve certain performance results (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, 2008).Section B Budgeting SystemsThis section contrasts and compares two basic budgeting methodologies currently in use in industry today, Incremental Budgeting and Zero Based Budgeting.Incremental Budgeting (IB) is the traditional approach to budgeting which relies on historical information and the previous years budget as a basis for the preparing the input and data for the following years budget. For example, lets say bear years sales budget was for 1000 units at 500, giving sales taxation of 500,000. For next years budget the marketplace for the product is anticipated to improve by 10% giving unit sales at 1100 thus giving budget sales revenue of 550,000. Similarly cost would be based on last years budget, modified by projected inflationary factors. Anticipated raw significant price increases and labour rates are used in the cost of production and increases in say, rent and utilities wou ld reflect in overheads. Managers will prepare their individual budgets based on a series of pre-determined criteria and assumptions which are normally provided by top management, finance and accounts.The advantages of IB are that it isrelatively easy to implementeasy to understand and appreciateless time-consuming to prepare than ZBBa top blue approach with the same basic assumptions for allThe disadvantages of IB are that itassumes that the budget methodology and cost structure is correctencourages expectations of inflationary increasespredicts sales will reflect the market without competitive analysisencourages departments to spend all of their allocated budgetZero Based Budgeting (ZBB) is an approach to budgeting that starts from the premise that no costs or activities should be factored into the plans for the coming budget period, just because they figured in the costs or activities for the current or previous periods. Rather, everything that is to be included in the budget mu st be considered and justified. (Chartered contribute for Public Finance and chronicle, 2006). Another definition is the use of budgets which start from a present base of zero and regard all future expenditure as being on new items rather than a continuation of existing ones. In practice this means that a budget has to be justified in full for each year of operation (Steven A. Finkler, 2003). In implementing this process each manager must critically examine his own activities and operations and build his budget from scratch.The advantages of ZBB are that itquestions accepted beliefsfocuses on value for moneylinks budgets and objectivesinvolves managers leading to better communication and consensuscan lead to better resource allocationis an adaptative approach in changing circumstancesThe disadvantages of ZBB are that itis time-consuming and adds to the effort involved in budgetingcan be problematical to identify suitable performance measurescan be seen as threateningcareful peop le management is requiredis about costs and resources of options ignoring current practicecan be difficult to comprehend and execute by managers with little financial knowledge and skillsRecommendationSince Alpha Manufacturing has no previous experience of budgetary control it is recommended that an Incremental Budgeting program is introduced initially. The budget can be prepared using historical data with guidelines and assumptions provided to each manager by the Finance Department.Beales Manufacturing plcFlexible BudgetingIntroductionThis report examines the budget and actual results for October. It flexes the budget to actual output, provides a variance analysis and identifies possible causes for each negative variance. Managerial accountability for each variance is suggested and possible remedial actions for the unfavourable variances identified. The benefits of using flexible budgets are explained and it is recommended that this technique be introduced as a feature of Beales r egular budget reviews.Variance Analysis and ExplanationsTable1 shows the results of the budget and actual output for October, flexed to actual output with each variance examined for possible causes, accountabilities and suggested remedial actions.Benefits of Flexible BudgetingStatic budgets have the disadvantage of providing a single specific predicted volume of output. In reality, it very unlikely that the actual output exactly matches the budget. Thus any comparison of actual output to budget suffers from the problem that some of the variances, particularly for variable costs such as labour and materials, will be as a direct result of the differences in the volume of output.Flexible budgets provide an after the facts device to tell what it should have cost for the volume level actually attained (Steven A. Finkler 2003) They are a useful tool for analysing the effects of variations in volume of output against the original budget. Dennis Caplan (2006) suggests that the motivation fo r the flexible budget is to compare apples to apples. If the factory actually produced 10,000 units, then management should compare actual factory costs for 10,000 units to what the factory should have spent to make 10,000 units, not to what the factory should have spent to make 9,000 units or 11,000 units or any other production level.RecommendationFor Beales Manufacturing to make the best use of the budgeting process it is recommended that flexible budgets are prepared each month. Variance analysis as demonstrated above will suffice management to implement contingency plans to correct any unfavorable trends and enhance profitability.Beales Manufacturing plcStandard CostingIntroductionThis section defines and describes the principles of Standard Costing. It is an accounting technique which provides a powerful tool for management to analyze business performance and plan improvements. An example of a standard cost is derived from the October budget and the use of variance analysis t o identify problem areas and possible remedial actions.DefinitionStandard costing involves the development of a product or service cost using estimates of both the resources consumed and the prices of those resources. The standard cost may then be increased by an estimated profit margin to produce a standard selling price. These estimates of cost and revenue then provide a foundation for further planning and control (Barrie Mitchinson 2000)IllustrationThe best way to illustrate the benefits of standard costing is to use the October budget data to arrive at an example of a Standard Cost. This cost can then be compared with the actual unit cost for October and the variances analysed as shown in Table 3 below.Standard Unit Cost vs. Actual (October)From this analysis specific product cost information can be derived. For example, although raw material costs per meter were below standard cost, more material than standard was required to complete the production schedule. Why was that? The manager responsible for production will be able to use the information to investigate the unfavourable variance. Possibly scrap rates were excessive so improved quality control could help reduce or eliminate the problem. Raw material costs were also above standard which will alert the buy manager to an overrun of purchasing costs which may require action.RecommendationWe recommend that Beales consider the introduction of Standard Costing to provide management with a powerful tool to improve efficiency, productivity and product profitability.BibliographyDeloitte Touche Tohmatsu, 2008, Budgeting Budget Controlshttp//www.deloitte.comChartered Institute for Public Finance and Accounting, 2006, Zero Based Budgeting Briefing Paper, http//www.cipfa.org.ukSteven A. Finkler, 2003, p158, Finance Accounting for Nonfinancial Managers, CCH Tax and AccountingSteven A. Finkler, 2003, p162, Finance Accounting for Nonfinancial Managers, CCH Tax and AccountingDennis Caplan, 2006, Management Accou nting Concepts and Techniques, OSU College of Business, http//classes.bus.oregonstate.eduBarrie Mitchinson, 2000, Standard Costing and Fixed and Flexed Budgets, Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, http//www.accaglobal.com

Midwife Expert Of The Normal Health And Social Care Essay

Midwife Expert Of The Normal Health And Social C ar Essay existence contract a gestational age of ab break 40 weeks, though a average gestational period is from 37 to 42 weeks. It is the greatest intrust of two the mother and midwives that the baby comes in to the world safely and with very little traumata. .This essay seeks to examine how the midwife is the expert of the normal and their graphic symbol in the promotion of normality in childbirth . We also look at the midwifes role in promoting normality in childbirth, This is relation to weeweebirth c ar will be explored through knowledge and evidence based tocology practice.Promoting normality in childbirth potentiometer be defined as encouraging woman and professionals to select vaginal birth without any intervention. It embroils acting as an advocate for prospective mothers and ensuring that in all or most birth experiences normality is addressed in such away that will reduce the fear in woman. Focus must be paid most ly to high risk women. These include girlish mothers, first time mother and those who have had terrible experiences in the past.One of the best ways to encourage normality in childbirth is to reach strength mothers to believe that it can be done with less hurting and trauma, especially using the tool of advocacy.Attaining 100% normality is non about forcing women to have normal births and predispose them to believe on that point will be neither pain nor trauma. Neither can we encourage a laissez faire posturing where a womans choice is the mantra, and midwifery and obstetric expertise counts for nonhing in the equation (Elaine, 2005)For the purpose of this study, the writer will focus on the midwifes role in promoting the benefits of waterbirth and giving women the choice. The chance to have water birth should be offered to all healthy women who have straightforward deliveries.In 1803, a medical journal featured the first recorded water birth in modern times. After 48 hours of get, a woman used a hot bath out of desperation. She had no choice nevertheless to give birth in the water, as the baby arrived as she was relaxing, before she even had time to complete her bath. Influenced by her personal experience, in 1998, harpist (2005) fixed to create Waterbirth International. The aim of this organisation is to provide up to date and accurate information about the part water could play in embolden and birth. Harper continues to make waterbirth an available option for all women. (Harper, 2005) states that option is the key word in knowing that this method of birth is non for all woman, entirely every woman should be given an informed choice of whether it makes sense for her.The Royal College of Midwives describes waterbirth as a process which results in reduced trauma and stress to both mother and baby. During the birth process there is an interactive symbiotic relationship between the mother and the baby. However, there is always the risk of traum a to the mother and the foetus at the point of interaction. An increasing number of women are opting for waterbirth. This concept has existed since early civilization when women used water to relieve the discomfort of childbirth. Now, waterbirth is offered to women who have a outset risk pregnancy and involves the use of a tub specially designed for childbirth, which is place uprighted by both The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the Royal College of Midwives. It appears that waterbirth presents very few complications, but the guidelines produced will go even further to ensure that complications are minimised. These include firm adherence to the eligibility criteria, management of chord rupture and infection control. (Harper, 2005)Approximately 80% of human beings are delivered by midwives. A word which literally means with women they are trained to assist women during pregnancy, labour and the first year of the babys life. Midwives have been longsighted esta blished throughout the world as the most appropriate persons to provide accusation to women during their reproductive years. Because of her professional training, a midwife has the knowledge and skills necessary to support the mother, as well as the rest of the family, with care, education and counselling. Apart from having an outstanding safety record, various studies have proved that midwives produce exceptional results.According to Elaine (2005), the fin number oneest rates of infant mortality as well as use of technology have been recorded in countries where midwives are present in the birthroom, without a physician. As skilled specialists, midwives play a vital role in supporting and maintaining the high standard of normal childbirth. Maternity services can play their part in developing the midwifes expertise and autonomy by ensuring that there are suitable opportunities for meaningful practice. Midwives should also be value for their skill and dedication. It is very of t he essence(p) therefore, for a midwife to be confident and competent enough to give legitimate and safe informed advice to the motherthis will foster in achieving the desired optimum results in promoting normality. Since they have to be proficient in supporting normal childbirth in a variety of settings without supervision, including the home, midwives are required to work to the NMC standards. This will ensure legitimate, safe and successful practices during the entire childbirth process (DoH, (2007), NMC, (2008) The midwifes roles include encouraging normal birth, using preventive measures, recognising complications in mother and baby, facilitating the access of relevant services and implementing emergency procedures. To achieve this, the midwife must work in partnership with the woman both before and later childbirth (International Confederation of Midwives, 2005). Good communication is an subjective skill for a midwife. Clients feel confident to make their own decisions witho ut anxiety when they believe that they are valued enough to be listened to and efforts are made to facilitate their understanding (RCM, 2006).Why Waterbirth?Miller (2006), recommends that every woman who has a normal pregnancy should be offered the opportunity of water birth. He maintains that this will result in a more(prenominal) fulfilling experience for both mother and child while increasing the midwifes job satisfaction. or so women prefer waterbirth, but there must be meaningful discussions with the midwife before making this decision.However, a woman must have all the information, including the pros and cons, as well as support in order to make an informed decision about the use of waterbirth.Waterbirth should also be discussed as an option for pain relief during childbirth and leaflets and other information should be provided (MIDIRS, 2008). There are no major differences to the results produces by analgesia, except for the fact less epidural, spinal or par cervical pain r elief is required during water birth. As we move away from the high induction rates of the 1970s more women are choosing to give birth at home and in local anaesthetic birth centres (Wickham, 2005) Women want continuity of care, choice in the care they are provided with and control everywhere the process of childbirth.Waterbirth should be viewed as an alternative method of care and management in labour and as one which must, therefore, fall within the duty of care and normal sphere of the practice of a midwife. Waterbirth is not take careed to be a treatment (Wickham, 2005) It is important that midwives have up-to-date knowledge and information on the current research and evidence relating to the advantages and disadvantages of labour or birth in water (RCOG/RCM 2006)Benefits of waterbirthWaterbirth has several , including the chase It facilitates mobility and enables the mother to assume any position which is comfortable for labour and birth speeds up labour reduces blood pre ssure gives mother more feeling of control provides significant pain relief promotes relaxation conserves her nix reduces the need for drugs and intervention gives mother a private protected space reduces perineal trauma and eliminates episiotomies reduces caesarean rates it is highly rated by mothers typically stating, they would consider giving birth in water again it highly rated by experienced providers and it encourages an easier birth for mother and a gentler welcome for baby (Harper, 2005)Burns et al., (2006) believes that waterbirth is associated with higher(prenominal) maternal satisfaction than birth on dry land. In a questionnaire assessing womens views on waterbirth, Richmond (2003) found that when women got into the pool in labour many of them draw feelings of complete relaxation. Lying in warm water gives a sense of relaxation, but whether it actually reduces pain is unproven. A perception of relaxation, pain relief, ease of movements and more holistic experience ma de labour in water a popular choice during the 1980s. Women felt they were given immediate pain relief and the warmth was soothing. Many mothers enjoyed the buoyancy and mobility the water gave them. (Richmond, 2003) Also, Miller (2006) believes that women using a water pool feel more empowered and less exposed. Immersion in water increases self control in a secure, warm, private and quiet environment, thus encouraging the promotion of normality. There are considerable perceived benefits of using tightness in water during labour, including less painful contractions and less need for pharmacological analgesia, shorter labour, less need for augmentation, with no known adverse effects for the woman herself (Thoeni et. al, 2005)However, there may be rare but clinically significant risks for the baby born under water. Possible complications that may be associated with water birth include fresh water drowning, neonatal hyponatremia, neonatal waterborne infectious disease, cord rupture with neonatal hemorrhage, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and death. The rates of these complications are likely to be low but are not well defined (Wax and Wilson, 2004) In his/her study of this phenomena, (Cluett, 2004) concluded that there was no significant difference in other important clinical outcomes, including duration of labour, operative delivery and perineal trauma. There were no increased adverse outcomes for the baby (Cluett, 2004)Otigbah et al., (2000) found in a study canvass waterbirths and conventional vaginal deliveries, concluded that labouring and delivering in water is associated with a shorter labour and reduced perineal trauma for primigravidae women. (Gilbert and Tookery, 2004) concluded that perinatal mortality is not substantially higher among babies delivered in water than among those born to low risk women who delivered conventionally (Gilbert and Tookery, 2004). Although there is no evidence of higher perinatal mortality or admission to special care b aby units (SCBUs) for birth in water caution is advised because of small numbers, possible under-reporting of SCBU admission and exclusion of women who were in labour in water but gave birth conventionally after complications. (Cluett et. al, 2004)All women require less analgesia. Odent (2000) suggests that if a small number of recommendations are taken into account, using water during labour will seriously compete with epidural anaesthesia. Most of the available evidence is restricted to healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancy at terminal although there is some evidence that labouring in water under midwifery care may be an option for slow progress in labour, reducing the need for obstetric intervention, and offering an alternative pain management strategy (Cluett et. al, 2004)Gessbuhler et al., (2004) found that perineal trauma is minimised during a waterbirth episiotomy is hardly ever indispensable there are fewer first and second degree perineal lacerations, and fewer vagin al and labial tears. Hale (2008) believes this is owed to the softening effect of the warm water and the womans ability to relax her perineum more readily. Support from the water slows the crowning of the babys head and offers perineal support which decreases the risk of tearing (Garland, 2004) Women with prolonged labour found a reduction in obstetric intervention following immersion in water and instrumental delivery is also rarely necessary Cluett et. al, (2004) and Beech (2008) points out that labouring in a birth pool encourages an upright position and increases the pelvic diameter which often increases the rate of cervical dilatation. Waterbirth reduces the need for pain relieving drugs however, if it does not work the woman has the option of choosing other forms of pain relief.Maternal and fetal infection rate is however, comparable to traditional deliveries (Zanetti-Daellenbach et. al, 2006) and (Thoeni et. al, 2005) The selection of a low-risk collective is essential to min imize the risks with the addition of strictly maintained guidelines and continuous intrapartum observation and fetal monitoring. Waterbirths are justifiable when certain criteria are met and risk factors are excluded (Zanetti-Daellenbach et. al, 2006). Monitoring of the fetal heart using underwater Doppler should be standard practice. If the woman raises herself out of the water and exposes the fetal head to air, once the presenting part is visible, she should be advised to appease out of the water to avoid the risk of premature gasping under water. All birthing pools and other equipment (such as mirrors and thermometers) should be disposed of or thoroughly cleaned and dry after every use, in accordance with local infection control policies. Disposable sieves should be made available to ensure that the pool remains unthaw from maternal faeces and other debris. Local information and guidelines regarding prevention of legionella build up in water supply from seldomly used pools sho uld be obtained from local NHS trust estates and should be adhered to. Midwives should use universal precautions and follow local trust infection control guidelines. (Wickham, 2005) All midwives should ensure that they are competent to care for a woman who wishes to have a waterbirth and have a good understanding of the basic principles of caring for a woman in labour, and should make themselves aware of local policies and guidelines.Midwives, managers and supervisors of midwives should ensure that training in caring for a woman who wishes to have a waterbirth is undertaken by midwives who undertake intrapartum care, in order to increase choice for women and promote normality and ensure quality care. Midwives roles after all are that of with woman serving the needs of healthy, childbearing women, not the sick and dying (Zanetti-Dallenbach et. al, 2006)In the uniform way as the woman who wants a natural birth with little or no intervention, where will she be if as midwives, we do no t direct for her? The aim of promoting normality is that every womens birth experience is a positive one, and finally it is important to achieve the women choice .CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSThe joy of motherhood stems not only from reduced trauma and stress for both mother and child, it also comes from the power of choice exercised by the mother. So far, we have established that normality in childbirth should be the rule and that although several psychological, sociological and medical factors may weigh against it, scientific research still offers it as perhaps the most desirable. However, the midwifes role begins with the use of communication and advocacy to encourage women and professionals to consider normal birth as a viable and safe option, just as the concept of waterbirth as a way of reducing discomfort of childbirth should be embraced by those who have normal birth.In the light of these findings I wish to make the following specific recommendations1 Women should be helpe d through advocacy and communication to make a deliberate choice of normal birth.2 They should also be helped to make an informed decision about the use of waterbirth.3

Introduction to Santería :: Santeria

Introduction to SanteraSantera, sometimes referred to as La Regla Lucunmi, originated in West Africa in what atomic number 18 now Nigeria and Benin. Santera is, however, not purely a West African theology it has numerous ties to European Catholicism. Because of this correlation, there is no exact year for the formation of this religion. The closest date available for the founding of Santera is between the 1700s to about 1870 the period of the slave trade. The slave trade brought some(prenominal) people that practiced this particular religion to the shores of Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Trinidad as well as many other Caribbean countries.Not only were the slaves bodies brought over. Their souls, culture, and religion were brought to the Americas as well. In the early years, when the slaves had just begun arriving, there was a great deal of pressure placed on them, by the European plantation owners and missionaries, to convert to Catholicism. Despite these attempts by the plantation owners, Santera was still openly practiced, and the number of practitioners was increasing. Since in performing openly their religion many harsh beatings and punishments were administered, the religious followers tended to incorporate many Catholic elements into their religion. One factor that helped to make the two religions look similar to the plantation owners was that many of the orishas, the primary gods, shared many of the same physical characteristics that the Catholic saints possessed. This made the slaves appear to be practicing Catholicism although they were practicing their native, African religions.Believers of Santera place their faith in the orishas. The orishas are not as powerful or as omnipotent as their predominant God, Olodumare, or Olorun. Olorun is the source of ashe, the spiritual energy that makes up the sinless universe, all life and all things material. The orishas are the spirits or gods that interact with humans by controlling nature and attending to the daily needs of the religions followers. They are approachable and can be counted on to come to the aid of followers by guiding them to a better life, materially as well as spiritually. In other words, they are emissaries of God. Furthermore, each orisha possesses a distinct personality. Communication between orishas and humankind is accomplished through ritual, prayer, divination and offerings (ebo).Depending on the particular orisha that they heed to please, santeros use certain colors and certain animals and play particular drumbeats during their rituals. The music is of great importance because it helps to coax the orisha into mounting or possessing the priest.

Virtual Private Networks Essay -- VPN Internetworking Computers Intern

Virtual Private NetworksVirtual Private Networks (VPNs) argon an easy and cost effective way to connect two or more networks over the Internet. This is achieved by using encrypted tunnels for security and efficiency. VPNs use encapsulated and encrypted IP packets and transport them across leased Local Area Network (LAN) lines.The benefits of using VPNs are reduced cost overhead, reduced management overhead, and added security (Microsoft Press, 2000). Least network lines are expensive and VPNs reduce then need for extra data connections. This in turn also aids in reducing the amount of overhead associated with managing a network. The added security benefits for a network include encrypted transmission of network data and user authentication.Passing datagrams across the Internet between sites can pillowcase major security risk. When a datagram is passed internally within a private network it is secured behind a router and /or firewall. When datagrams are passed externally out siders can monitor them as they pass over networks owned by other organizations (Comer, 1995). This can cause great security problems. Unencrypted packet headers contain valuable information about the internal structure of an organizations network.VPNs have overcome the problem of direct Internet glide slope to servers and clients through a combination of the following security components IP encapsulation, cryptographic authentication, and data payload encryption. For a true VPN to exi...